EBEL, Circuit Judge:
The dispositive question presented by this appeal is whether § 301 of the Labor-Management Relations Act ("LMRA"), 29 U.S.C. § 185, preempts Plaintiffs' state-law claims asserted against the National Football League ("NFL") and the National Football League Players' Association ("NFLPA"). Because Plaintiffs' claims arise from or are substantially dependent upon an interpretation of the terms of a collective bargaining agreement ("CBA"), we conclude those claims are preempted.
Plaintiffs include several former NFL players, the spouse of one of the players, and several investment entities controlled by them. During 2004 and 2005, Plaintiffs invested approximately $20 million with Kirk Wright and Nelson "Keith" Bond, who along with others operated an investment company, International Management Associates ("IMA"). Unbeknownst to Plaintiffs, Wright was actually conducting a Ponzi scheme through which he stole most of the money Plaintiffs invested with IMA. IMA eventually sought bankruptcy relief. Wright was convicted on a number of federal felony charges and thereafter killed himself.
In this litigation, Plaintiffs sued the NFL and the NFLPA, alleging Plaintiffs would not have invested money with IMA had Defendants given them accurate information about Wright, Bond and IMA. More specifically, Plaintiffs complained that the NFLPA listed Wright and Bond with the NFLPA's Financial Advisors Program without first conducting a proper investigation. As for the NFL, Plaintiffs asserted that several Plaintiffs requested, and the NFL provided, background checks on Wright, Bond and IMA that were inadequate. Based upon these allegations, Plaintiffs invoked the federal courts' diversity jurisdiction, see 28 U.S.C. § 1332, asserting claims against the NFL and NFLPA under Georgia law for negligence, negligent misrepresentation, and breach of fiduciary duty.
The NFL and the NFLPA argued that § 301 of the LMRA preempted Plaintiffs' state-law claims because these claims arose from, or were substantially dependent upon an interpretation of, the CBA between the NFL's Management Council ("NFLMC") and the NFLPA. According to the NFLPA, its Financial Advisors Program stems directly from the section of the CBA that provides:
(Doc. 180, ex. 1 at 80 (2002 CBA Art. LV § 12
The NFL asserted that it provides background checks on people and companies with whom players and former players are thinking of doing business in an effort to meet its own obligations under the CBA's "Career Planning Program" provision. In addition, the NFL argued that it could not be liable for providing Plaintiffs with any financial information, based upon the CBA's disclaimer that "players shall be solely responsible for their personal finances." (Id.)
Agreeing with the NFL and NFLPA, the district court held § 301 preempted Plaintiffs' state-law claims and, thus, granted Defendants summary judgment on those claims. Plaintiffs appeal from that decision.
The district court also granted Plaintiffs summary judgment on several counterclaims that the NFLPA asserted against them. The NFLPA cross-appeals from that decision. We have jurisdiction to consider these appeals under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.
This court reviews the district court's summary judgment decision de novo, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the non-moving party. See Bartholomew v. AGL Res., Inc., 361 F.3d 1333, 1337 (11th Cir.2004). Summary judgment is appropriate "if the pleadings, the discovery and disclosure materials on file, and any affidavits show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law."
In order to insure the uniform interpretation of collective bargaining agreements throughout the nation, § 301(a) completely preempts state-law claims, including state tort claims, that require the interpretation or application of a CBA.
The Supreme Court has applied § 301's complete preemption in several cases, including Lingle, 486 U.S. 399, 108 S.Ct. 1877, 100 L.Ed.2d 410, and Allis-Chalmers, 471 U.S. 202, 105 S.Ct. 1904, 85 L.Ed.2d 206. And the Eleventh Circuit has most recently applied § 301 preemption in Bartholomew, 361 F.3d 1333. This authority directs us, in determining whether § 301 preempts a state-law cause of action, to consider whether the claim arises from a CBA, see Allis-Chalmers, 471 U.S. at 217, 105 S.Ct. 1904, or whether "the resolution of [the] state-law claim depends upon the meaning of a collective-bargaining agreement," Lingle, 486 U.S. at 405-06, 108 S.Ct. 1877.
As a threshold matter, Plaintiffs argue that § 301 cannot preempt their state-law claims against the NFL because the NFL is itself not a signatory to the CBA.
First and foremost, Plaintiffs do not point out, and we cannot find, where they raised this argument before the district court in defense of the NFL's summary judgment motion.
Even if we were inclined to exercise our discretion to address Plaintiffs' belated argument, on the state of the record before us, Plaintiffs' argument appears to lack merit. The copies of the unsigned CBA that the parties included in the record do suggest that the NFL itself was not a formal signatory of the CBA. But that is not dispositive. The relevant question for
In any event, the record before us indicates that, although not a formal signatory, the NFL is bound by the CBA's terms. The CBA was entered into between the NFLPA, "which is recognized as the sole and exclusive bargaining representative of present and future employee players in the NFL," and the National Football League Management Council, "which is recognized as the sole and exclusive bargaining representative of present and future employer member Clubs of the National Football League." (Doc. 180, ex. 1 (2002 CBA Preamble), at 5.) The CBA explicitly specifies that "all players, Clubs, the NFLPA, the NFL, and the Management Council" are all bound by the CBA. (Id. at 8 (Art. II § 1) (emphasis added).) And there are numerous provisions in the CBA that specifically reference the NFL or "the League" and set forth explicit rights and obligations of the NFL or the League.
Given Plaintiffs' failure to develop or timely to argue that § 301 preemption should not apply to their claims against the NFL because the NFL is not a formal signatory to the CBA, the foregoing analysis is sufficient for us to accept for purposes of this appeal that the NFLMC, in negotiating the CBA, was acting in an agency capacity for the NFL, and in any event, § 301 preemption may properly be
We review de novo whether § 301 preempts a state-law claim. See Lightning v. Roadway Express, Inc., 60 F.3d 1551, 1556 (11th Cir.1995). It is Defendants' burden to establish § 301 preemption. See Williams v. Nat'l Football League, 582 F.3d 863, 880 (8th Cir.2009), cert. denied, 2010 WL 1940794 (U.S. Nov. 8, 2010). In determining whether § 301 preempts Plaintiffs' state-law claims, we consider the elements of each of those claims in turn. See Peterson v. BMI Refractories, 132 F.3d 1405, 1412 (11th Cir. 1998).
Plaintiffs' first state-law claim alleged that both Defendants negligently investigated Wright, Bond and IMA.
Dixie Grp., Inc. v. Shaw Indus. Grp., Inc., 303 Ga.App. 459, 693 S.E.2d 888, 895 (2010) (quoting Bradley Ctr., Inc. v. Wessner, 250 Ga. 199, 296 S.E.2d 693, 695 (1982)). We focus here solely on the first element, the existence of a legal duty.
As part of the NFLPA's Financial Advisors Program, the NFLPA created a list of registered financial advisors. To be included on this list, an advisor had to apply with the NFLPA, pay a fee and meet the NFLPA's eligibility requirements. The NFLPA would deny an application if the financial advisor failed to meet all of the eligibility requirements or if a background check indicated that specific judicial or regulatory actions had been taken against the advisor or revealed "[a]ny misrepresentation, material omission, or other evidence of misfeasance or malfeasance," which "may also cause the NFLPA, in its sole discretion, to deem an Applicant unqualified to be a Registered Player Financial Advisor." (Doc. 180, ex. 2 at 14-15.)
In support of their negligence claim, Plaintiffs specifically alleged that the NFLPA owed them a "duty to exercise reasonable care while performing due diligence background checks on Wright, Bond [and] IMA," a
(Doc. 10 at 27.)
These duties arose directly from the CBA's mandate that "[t]he parties will use best efforts to establish an in-depth, comprehensive Career Planning Program," which would include "provid[ing] information to players on handling their personal finances." (Doc. 180, ex. 1 at 80 (2002 CBA Art. LV § 12).) Undisputed evidence connected the NFLPA's Financial Advisors Program to the NFLPA's efforts
On appeal, Plaintiffs unsuccessfully attempt to dispute this evidence linking the NFLPA's Financial Advisors Program to the CBA-mandated Career Planning Program in three ways. First, Plaintiffs point to an assertion that the NFLPA made to the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") when the NFLPA was seeking an opinion from the SEC that its Financial Advisors Program would not be subject to SEC regulations pertaining to financial advisors. In distinguishing its Financial Advisors Program, in which participation by both players and advisors is voluntary, from the CBA's mandate that all player agents must be certified by the NFLPA, the NFLPA noted that "financial advisors are not covered by this framework" that applies to contract agents. (Doc. 180, ex. 4, attach. K at 10.) Contrary to Plaintiffs' argument, this statement to the SEC does not address whether the Financial Advisors Program itself arises from the CBA.
Second, Plaintiffs point out that when the NFLPA's Board of Representatives approved the Financial Advisors Program, there was never any mention that it was part of the CBA-mandated Career Planning Program. But that also does not contradict the NFLPA's undisputed evidence linking the Financial Advisors Program to its compliance with the CBA's provision mandating a Career Planning Program.
Finally, Plaintiffs assert that there is no evidence that there is any Career Planning Program at all. But undisputed evidence in the record established that there is. Stacy Robinson stated that "[t]he NFLPA and the NFL have collaborated and jointly developed a host of Career Planning programs and activities," including the coaches intern program for NFL Europe; a "Broadcast Bootcamp" for current and retired players interested in a second career in broadcasting; officiating clinics for current and former players interested in officiating as a second career; a networking program; a pilot program for NFL players transitioning to second careers; an exit symposium for players who have applied for severance benefits, which includes information for players on how to manage their lives after their football careers have ended; and a business and management entrepreneurial program at the business schools of Harvard, Stanford, Penn and Northwestern Universities. (Doc. 180, ex. 7 ¶¶ 7-14.)
In an effort to dispute Robinson's declaration, Plaintiffs presented only the affidavits of Plaintiffs Crockett and Smith stating that they had never heard of the "Career Planning Program." That is not enough to create a factual dispute sufficient to preclude summary judgment. See Holifield v. Reno, 115 F.3d 1555, 1564 n. 6 (11th Cir.1997) (holding non-movant's "conclusory assertions" made "in the absence of supporting evidence" are insufficient to withstand summary judgment in face of movant's undisputed relevant evidence).
The district court, therefore, properly held that § 301 preempted Plaintiffs' negligence claim against the NFLPA because
Even if the NFLPA's duty to conduct an adequate background investigation before including an applicant on its list of vetted financial advisors did not arise directly from the CBA's Career Planning Program provision, which it clearly did, a court would still have to consider the CBA's Career Planning Program provision in determining the scope of any duty the NFLPA owed Plaintiffs. Specifically, a court would have to consider the effect of that provision's language, "that players shall be solely responsible for their personal finances," (Doc. 180, ex. 1 at 80), in determining the legal relationship that existed between the parties and their expectations stemming from that relationship. See Williams, 582 F.3d at 880-81; see also Stringer, 474 F.Supp.2d at 908-11; Holmes v. Nat'l Football League, 939 F.Supp. 517, 527-28 (N.D.Tex.1996).
It is undisputed that the NFL will, at a player's or former player's request, conduct a background check on a potential financial advisor or any other individual or entity with whom a player might do business. In light of that, Plaintiffs
The NFL acknowledged in its pleadings before the district court that it performed these background checks as part of the CBA-mandated Career Planning Program.
Plaintiffs' second claim against both the NFL and the NFLPA was one for negligent misrepresentation; these claims may be considered together. Under Georgia law, "[t]he essential elements of a claim of negligent misrepresentation are ... `(1) the defendant's negligent supply of false information to foreseeable persons, known or unknown; (2) such persons' reasonable reliance upon that false information; and (3) economic injury proximately resulting from such reliance.'" Futch v. Lowndes Cnty., 297 Ga.App. 308, 676 S.E.2d 892, 896 (2009) (quoting Hardaway Co. v. Parsons, Brinckerhoff, Quade & Douglas, Inc., 267 Ga. 424, 479 S.E.2d 727, 729 (1997)).
The element requiring proof that Defendants negligently supplied Plaintiffs with false information encompasses a claim of negligence which, again, requires proof, among other things, that Defendants owed Plaintiffs a duty. See Newitt v. First Union Nat'l Bank, 270 Ga.App. 538, 607 S.E.2d 188, 196 (2004). In support of their negligent misrepresentation claim, Plaintiffs alleged that both Defendants "owed the duty to Plaintiffs to act reasonably and competently in the provision of information to Plaintiffs concerning the background of Wright, Bond, [and] IMA." (Doc. 10 ¶ 93.) In addition, Plaintiffs alleged that the "NFLPA further owed the duty to Plaintiffs to act reasonably and competently in the listing of Wright, Bond[,] and IMA as Registered Financial Advisors in the Program because such information reflected that Wright, Bond[,] and IMA met all program requirements, including that they had adequate insurance coverage." (Id. ¶ 94.)
For the same reasons set forth above, each of these duties arose directly from the CBA's mandate that both the NFL and the NFLPA use "best efforts to
Even if Plaintiffs established that Defendants owed them a duty independent of the CBA, which they have not, to recover under a negligent misrepresentation claim, Plaintiffs also had to "show they actually and justifiably relied on the representations" Defendants made regarding Wright, Bond and IMA. Benefit Support, Inc. v. Hall Cnty., 281 Ga.App. 825, 637 S.E.2d 763, 773 (2006) (quotation, emphasis, alteration omitted). But here again the determination of whether Plaintiffs reasonably relied on Defendants' alleged misrepresentations is substantially dependent on the CBA's language indicating that the Career Planning Program "will ... provide information to players on handling their personal finances, it being understood that players shall be solely responsible for their personal finances." (Doc. 180, ex. 1 at 80 (emphasis added).) That is because, under Georgia law, "the mere presence of [a] disclaimer," regardless of whether or not the plaintiff saw it, can "render [the plaintiffs'] alleged reliance unreasonable." Mitchell v. Ga. Dep't of Cmty. Health, 281 Ga.App. 174, 635 S.E.2d 798, 804 (2006) (addressing representations made on website that also contained disclaimers); see also Marquis Towers, Inc. v. Highland Grp., 265 Ga.App. 343, 593 S.E.2d 903, 907 (2004) (noting the question of justifiable reliance "depends upon the circumstances under which the report was made"). Therefore, because the court would have to address the disclaimer language in the CBA in order to resolve the reasonable-reliance element of Plaintiffs' negligent misrepresentation claims, § 301 preempts these claims for that reason as well. Cf. Trustees of the Twin City Bricklayers Fringe Benefit Funds v. Superior Waterproofing, Inc., 450 F.3d 324, 331-32 (8th Cir.2006) (holding § 301 preempted Minnesota claims for fraudulent or negligent misrepresentation because court would have to refer to language of CBA to determine whether Plaintiff was justified in relying on Defendant's alleged misleading statements that may have contradicted CBA's language).
Plaintiffs' third state-law claim alleged that both Defendants breached fiduciary duties owed to Plaintiffs. Under Georgia law, "[e]stablishing a claim for breach of fiduciary duty requires proof of three elements: (1) the existence of a fiduciary duty; (2) breach of that duty; and (3) damage proximately caused by the breach." Paschal v. Fulton-DeKalb Hosp. Auth. Emp. Ret. Plan, 305 Ga.App. 6, 699 S.E.2d 357, 362 (2010) (citation and quotation omitted). Again we focus on the first element, the existence of a fiduciary duty. Georgia law provides that
Savu v. SunTrust Bank, 293 Ga.App. 683, 668 S.E.2d 276, 282 (2008) (quotation omitted).
In support of this claim, Plaintiffs alleged only that "Defendants have maintained a close and special relationship with each of the Plaintiffs such that Defendants were in a position to, and did, exercise a controlling influence over the will, conduct, and/or interest of Plaintiffs." (Doc. 10 ¶ 101.) Plaintiffs also alleged that "Defendants knew or should have known that Plaintiffs placed confidence and trust in them to exercise the highest standard of care and competence while performing due diligence background checks on Wright, Bond [and] IMA ... in order to ensure their integrity and fitness as financial advisors to the Plaintiffs." (Id. ¶ 102.) Specifically as to the NFLPA's operation of its Financial Advisors Program, Plaintiffs further alleged that the
(Id. ¶ 103.)
The fiduciary-duty claims supported by these allegations directly arise from the CBA's mandate that Defendants "use best efforts to establish [the] Career Planning Program," which includes the provision of "information to players on handling their personal finances," (Doc. 180, ex. 1 at 80). Further, resolution of these claims is substantially dependent on the interpretation of the CBA's language providing that "players shall be solely responsible for their personal finances." (Id.) Cf. Schuver v. MidAm. Energy Co., 154 F.3d 795, 799 (8th Cir.1998) (holding § 301 preempted claim for breach of fiduciary duty because court had to determine whether alleged oral contracts underlying that claim were superseded or contradicted by terms of CBA).
Lastly, some of the Player-Plaintiffs argue that, because they were retired at the time they made their ill-fated investments with IMA and thus were not at that time members of the NFLPA's bargaining unit, § 301 cannot preempt their claims, nor the claims of the other investment-entity Plaintiffs which are derived from duties Defendants owed the Player-Plaintiffs.
Membership in the bargaining unit, however, is not dispositive of whether § 301 preempts Plaintiffs' state-law claims. Even when retirees are not part of the recognized bargaining unit and thus the union has no continuing obligation to bargain on their behalf, the union and employer can still choose to negotiate benefits for retirees. See Allied Chem. & Alkali Workers of Am., Local Union No. 1 v. Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., 404 U.S. 157, 171 n. 11, 181 n. 20, 92 S.Ct. 383, 30 L.Ed.2d 341 (1971). And where they do so, retirees can enforce under § 301 a provision in the collective bargaining agreement to provide them with retirement benefits. See id. at 181 n. 20, 92 S.Ct. 383; see also Stewart v. KHD Deutz of Am., Corp., 980 F.2d 698, 699-700, 702 (11th Cir.1993) (recognizing § 301 governed retired employees' claim that CBA precluded employer from modifying their health insurance benefits). In this case, the NFLPA negotiated with the NFL for the CBA's clause providing for the Career Planning Program. And no one disputes that the benefits from that program are available to retired as well as current players.
The relevant question, for § 301 preemption is, again, whether the court will be required to interpret or apply the CBA to resolve the retirees' claims. And, as explained above, Plaintiffs' state-law claims arise from the CBA, or are substantially dependent upon the court's interpretation of the CBA. Therefore, § 301 preempts those claims.
For these reasons, we uphold the district court's determination that § 301 preempts Plaintiffs' state-law claims. We, therefore, affirm the district court's decision granting the NFL and NFLPA summary judgment on those claims. In light of that determination, we need not consider Plaintiffs' challenge on appeal to the alternate basis on which the district court granted the NFLPA summary judgment— that the disclaimer contained in the NFLPA's Financial Advisors Program regulations precluded Plaintiffs' claims against it.
The district court granted Plaintiffs summary judgment on the NFLPA's four counterclaims. On appeal, the NFLPA challenges the denial of relief on its second, third and fourth counterclaims.
In its second counterclaim, the NFLPA sought indemnification from Plaintiffs Stephen
After granting Defendants summary judgment on all of Plaintiffs' claims, the district court held that Plaintiffs Atwater and Bishop were entitled to summary judgment on these counterclaims:
(Doc. 265 at 33 (citations omitted).)
On appeal, the NFLPA only argues, without any supporting authority, that the district court should have dismissed these indemnity and contribution claims as moot rather than granting Plaintiffs summary judgment. The district court, however, did not err in granting Atwater and Bishop summary judgment under these circumstances. See Perling v. Citizens & S. Nat'l Bank, 250 Ga. 674, 678, 300 S.E.2d 649 (1983) (affirming grant of summary judgment on indemnification claim because underlying claim failed); Emergency Prof'ls of Atlanta, P.C. v. Watson, 288 Ga.App. 473, 654 S.E.2d 434, 435 (2007) (granting summary judgment to defendants named in contribution and indemnification claims after holding that no contribution or indemnity claim "exist[ed]" because the party seeking to recover was not legally obligated to make the payment for which he sought indemnification and/or contribution); cf. Greenhorne & O'Mara, Inc. v. City of Atlanta, 298 Ga.App. 261, 679 S.E.2d 818, 819, 820 (2009) (holding that, where purported joint tortfeasor's liability had been rejected in a previous action, contribution claim failed to state a claim upon which relief can be granted). But see Ga. Power Co. v. Franco Remodeling Co., 240 Ga.App. 771, 525 S.E.2d 152, 153 (1999) (holding that, because plaintiff's claims against power company were barred, power company's counterclaim for indemnification was moot).
"Each member" of the NFLPA "agrees to be bound by the provisions of [the NFLPA] Constitution and by any by-laws, rules or other regulations duly adopted by the NFLPA pursuant to [its] Constitution or as otherwise authorized by law." (Doc. 180, ex. 3 at 7.) In its third counterclaim, the NFLPA alleged that Player-Plaintiffs breached Art. 8, § 8.04 of the NFLPA Constitution, which provides: "No member of the NFLPA shall resort to any court or agency outside the NFLPA unless and until he has exhausted all forms of relief provided in this Constitution." (Id. at 21). Citing to Articles 5.02 and
This court must follow the "plain language" of the NFLPA Constitution and is "bound to accept the interpretation placed on the Constitution by the [union] if it is fair and reasonable." Local 317, Nat'l Post Office Mail Handlers v. Nat'l Post Office Mail Handlers, 696 F.2d 1300, 1302 (11th Cir.1983). Nonetheless, the district court did not err in determining that these provisions addressing the Board's general legislative authority did not create "a form of relief" that the Player-Plaintiffs were obligated to exhaust. The NFLPA has failed to establish that the Board, exercising its general legislative authority, could have granted the Player-Plaintiffs the relief they sought on their specific claims alleged in this litigation. And if it could, the NFLPA has further failed to establish that the general language of the provisions of the NFLPA's Constitution on which the union relies informs the Player-Plaintiffs that such a mechanism for relief was available to them and had to be exhausted. The district court, therefore, did not err in granting Plaintiffs summary judgment on this counterclaim.
For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the district court's decision in all respects.
29 U.S.C. § 185(a). The Supreme Court has interpreted § 301(a), not only to confer federal-court jurisdiction over such actions, but also to "mandate" that federal courts "fashion a body of federal common law to be used to address disputes arising out of labor contracts[,]" Allis-Chalmers Corp. v. Lueck, 471 U.S. 202, 209, 105 S.Ct. 1904, 85 L.Ed.2d 206 (1985), and to apply this federal law to the exclusion of state law, see Local 174, Teamsters v. Lucas Flour Co., 369 U.S. 95, 103-04, 82 S.Ct. 571, 7 L.Ed.2d 593 (1962).
(Doc. 180, ex. 3 at 15.) Article 2.11 further provides that "[a]ny person who has been an active player in the NFL by virtue of his signing an NFL contract may join the NFLPA as a retired player member after retiring from football .... A representative of the retired-player membership shall be invited to attend regular meetings of the Board of Player Representatives." (Id. at 7-9.)
